[Use of crude drugs in "PiWeiLun" in comparison to those used in "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun".].

PiWeiLun (Hi-i-ron in Japanese) is a traditional Chinese medical formulary written in the 13th century that discusses endogenous disease. For curing endogenous diseases (Naisho) caused by functional deficiency of pi- and wei qi (Hi-I-Ki-Kyo), PiWeiLun was recommended for QingShuYiQi-Tang (Seisho-ekki-to), Ban-XiaBaiZhuTianMaTang (Hange-byakuju-tsu-tenma-to) and BuZhongYiQiTang (Ho-chu-ekki-to), which are described in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun (Naigaisho-benwa-ku-ron).A characteristic of PiWeiLun is that it discusses combining the use of Phellodendri Cortex with sweet Qi-tonics (Hoki-yaku) as Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome for improving false heat syndrome (Kyo-netsu) due to yin-deficiency (In-kyo). In PiWeiLun Cimicifugae Rhizome, Angelicae Radux and Atractylodes Rhizome are more frequently used than in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun.The use of drugs presented in PiWeiLun may be useful to devise new crude drug formulations good for modern deficiency syndrome experienced by persons having post-operative complications.

[The history and library the Goda family of medical doctors].

The Goda family discussed in this paper is a family lineage that served as the official physicians to the Sakakibara family that ruled Takada han in Echigo province from the middle of the Edo period. Last year old medical materials and writings that had been transmitted by the family were transferred to the Oriental Medicine Research Center of the Kitasato Institute. The authors have had the opportunity to study the family genealogy and collate these archives. The Goda family has continued through eight generations. These are, respectively- (1) the founder Heizo; (2) Chuzo; (3) Shojun; (4) Yoan; (5) Yoshinobu; (6) Hitoshi; (7) Hiroshi; and (8) the present head, Takashi. We have identified two lines of physicians in collateral families (from Susumu and Akira, both sons of Yoshinobu). The archive as received is comprised of 138 separate items from a total of 450 volumes. Of these, medical works constitute 102 items in 283 volumes. The library provides valuable material which sheds light on the standard of medicine in the Takada area of Echigo from the late Edo through the Meiji periods.

[A study on "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu" which is owned by Sugiyama Kengyo Itoku Kenshokai].

Waichi Sugiyama (1610-1649) is the first Sokengyo. He is famous for being the first to use the tube technique for acupuncture. However, his technique was not clear in his book "Sugiyama Ryu Sanbu Sho", because his work was orally taught or even secret. Wadaichi Shimaura is the third Sokengyo, who is a Sugiyama's superior pupil. He edited "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu, which was compiled from Sugiyama style, and which was summarized from Sugiyama's oral teaching and secrets and from the second Sokengyo Yasuichi Mishima. The existence of the book and its outline was known by the mimeographed book published in 1928. The original six books of "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu", one separated volume, and two scrolls were discovered last year. This discovery was very important in the history of acupuncture in Japan, because they showed Irei style which is a base of Sugiyama style. This discovery will help with the knowledge and understanding of acupuncture over the years in Japan.

[The background of Taki Motoyasu's fall: regarding the circumstances of the nationalization of the Igakkan].

In 1803, Taki Motoyasu was dismissed from his position as "Oku ishi" and demoted to the ranks of the "Yoriai ishi". Scholars heretofore have theorized on the various reasons for Taki's fall, but they have yet to fully examine the incident in detail. The present revisionist account places Taki's fall in the context of competition and in-fighting between Motoyasu and Sugiura Gentoku over the position of "Oku ishi". Eventually, Motoyasu lost his standing in the bakufu, due to Sugiura's machinations. Furthermore, it is clear that Taki's fall is one part of the larger story of the in-fighting between Taki Motoyasu (with Taki Motonori) and Sugiura Gentoku (with Yoshida Kaian). In the end, Sugiura's political maneuvers convinced the bakufu to dispose of Motoyasu and nationalize the management and administration of the Igakkan.